Gagan Ichake

Index Of Run Commands In Windows XP

2010-05-19T22:22:00.000-07:00

SQL Client Configuration - cliconfg
System Configuration Editor - sysedit
System Configuration Utility - msconfig
System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately)- sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot)- sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) - sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting)- sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)- sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x)-sfc/cachesize=x
System Information - msinfo32.
Task Manager – taskmgr
System Properties - sysdm.cpl
Task Manager – taskmgr
TCP Tester - tcptest
Telnet Client - telnet
Tweak UI (if installed) - tweakui
User Account Management- nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager - utilman

Windows Address Book - wab
Windows Address Book Import Utility - wabmig
Windows Backup Utility (if installed)- ntbackup
Windows Explorer - explorer
Windows Firewall- firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier- magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure - wmimgmt.msc
Windows Media Player - wmplayer
Windows Messenger - msmsgs
Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected)- wiaacmgr
Windows System Security Tool – syskey
Windows Update Launches - wupdmgr
Windows Version (to show which version of windows)- winver
Windows XP Tour Wizard - tourstart
Wordpad - write
Password Properties - password.cpl
Performance Monitor - perfmon.msc
Phone and Modem Options - telephon.cpl
Phone Dialer - dialer
Pinball Game - pinball
Power Configuration - powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes - control printers
Printers Folder – printers
Private Character Editor - eudcedit

Quicktime (If Installed)- QuickTime.cpl
Real Player (if installed)- realplay
Regional Settings - intl.cpl
Registry Editor - regedit
Registry Editor - regedit32
Remote Access Phonebook - rasphone
Remote Desktop - mstsc
Removable Storage - ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests - ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) - rsop.msc
Scanners and Cameras - sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks - control schedtasks
Security Center - wscui.cpl
Services - services.msc
Shared Folders - fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows - shutdown
Sounds and Audio - mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game - spider

Malicious Software Removal Tool - mrt
Microsoft Access (if installed) - access.cpl
Microsoft Chat - winchat
Microsoft Excel (if installed) - excel
Microsoft Frontpage (if installed)- frontpg
Microsoft Movie Maker - moviemk
Microsoft Paint - mspaint
Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed)- powerpnt
Microsoft Word (if installed)- winword
Microsoft Syncronization Tool - mobsync
Minesweeper Game - winmine
Mouse Properties - control mouse
Mouse Properties - main.cpl
Nero (if installed)- nero
Netmeeting - conf
Network Connections - control netconnections
Network Connections - ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard - netsetup.cpl
Notepad - notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed)- nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packager - packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator- odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard - osk
Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed) - ac3filter.cpl
Outlook Express - msimn

Paint – pbrush
Keyboard Properties - control keyboard
IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) - ipconfi/all
IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /displaydns
IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /flushdns
IP Configuration (Release All Connections)- ipconfig /release
IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)- ipconfig /renew
IP Configuration(RefreshesDHCP&Re-RegistersDNS)-ipconfig/registerdns
IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig/showclassid
IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig /setclassid
Java Control Panel (If Installed)- jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (If Installed)- javaws
Local Security Settings - secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups - lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows - logoff.....
Accessibility Controls - access.cpl
Accessibility Wizard - accwiz
Add Hardware - Wizardhdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs - appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools control - admintools
Adobe Acrobat (if installed) - acrobat
Adobe Designer (if installed)- acrodist
Adobe Distiller (if installed)- acrodist
Adobe ImageReady (if installed)- imageready
Adobe Photoshop (if installed)- photoshop
Automatic Updates - wuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard – fsquirt

Calculator - calc
Certificate Manager - certmgr.msc
Character Map - charmap
Check Disk Utility - chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer - clipbrd
Command Prompt - cmd
Component Services - dcomcnfg
Computer Management - compmgmt.msc
Control Panel - control
Date and Time Properties - timedate.cpl
DDE Shares - ddeshare
Device Manager - devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)- directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter- dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility- cleanmgr
Disk Defragment- dfrg.msc
Disk Management- diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager- diskpart
Display Properties- control desktop
Display Properties- desk.cpl
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)- control color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility- drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility- verifier
Event Viewer- eventvwr.msc
Files and Settings Transfer Tool- migwiz
File Signature Verification Tool- sigverif
Findfast- findfast.cpl
Firefox (if installed)- firefox
Folders Properties- control folders
Fonts- control fonts
Fonts Folder- fonts
Free Cell Card Game- freecell
Game Controllers- joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)- gpedit.msc

Hearts Card Game- mshearts
Help and Support- helpctr
HyperTerminal- hypertrm
Iexpress Wizard- iexpress
Indexing Service- ciadv.msc
Internet Connection Wizard- icwconn1
Internet Explorer- iexplore
Internet Setup Wizard- inetwiz
Internet Properties- inetcpl.cpl

Java/J2EE/SQL Interview question

2010-05-10T02:10:00.000-07:00

The following are the common questions I have faced in many interviews -

1. Difference b/w Interface & Abstract class.
2. Can we create object of an Abstract class?
3. What is inheritance, Polymorphism and Encapsulation?
4. Write the basic steps to make a JDBC connection.
5. What is the difference between CreateStatement, PrepareStatement and CallableStatement?
6. Knowledge of basic Java collections. What is the difference b/w Vector and ArrayList.
7. Describe your current project. Draw database scchema of your current project.
8. What is Indexing? What are the different types of Indexes?
9. What are the aggregate functions in sql?
10. What is Primary key and Composite key?
11. What is Cascading in database design? And what its use?
12. What is the life cycle of a Thread?
13. What are the different states of a Thread?
14. How Threads can communicate with each other?
15. What is Synchronization? Type of Synchronization.
16. Is your application Thread safe? How to implement it ?
17. How do you implement Garbage collection in your project?
18. Do you know about Functions and Procedures?
19. What kind of design patterns you know or have used? Describe them.
20. Do you know about Struts Validation framework? How to implements it?
21. Can the Struts Validation framework be used for both client side and server side validation.
22. What is validation-rules.xml and validation.xml?
23. What are Struts tag libraries? What is the use of Struts tag libraries? Describe each in brief?
24. What is the difference b/w final, finally and finalize?
25. If there is no exception generated then the finally block will be called or not?
26. What are the checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions?
27. In which order will you catch these three exceptions – 1. ClassCastException 2. NullPointerException 3.Exception.
28. What will happen if we declare a member as final, a method as final and a class as final.
29. White an example for Form Validation in validation.xml.
30. What are the different type of tags in web.xml?
31. Write a web.xml for a Struts application.
32. Do you know about DynaValidationForm calss?
33. How the client side validation and server side validation is implemented through Struts Validation Framework?
34. What is the life cycle of a Servlet?
35. What is the syntax of Servlet’s init() method?
36. Can we call the init() and destroy() method of a Servlet?
37. What is the difference b/w Servlet Context and Servlet Config?
38. What is the difference b/w Servlet Context and Page Context?
39. Which version of Java you are using and why?
40. What is the output of the followings –
Public class A{
Public void method{
System.out.pritnln(“In A”);
}
}

Public calss B extends A{
Public void method{
System.out.pritnln(“In B”);
}
Public void method1{
System.out.pritnln(“In method1 of B”);
}
}

Public class extends A, B{
Public void method{
System.out.pritnln(“In C”);
}
}
o A a = new A();
a.method();

o A a = new B();
a.method();
a.method1();

o B b = new A();
b.method();

o B b = new B();
b.method();

o C c = new C();
c.method()

41. What is the output of the followings -
Public final class A{
Public void method(){
System.out.pritnln(“In A”);
}

Public class B{
Final int b=10;
Public void method(){
System.out.pritnln(“In B, b=”+b);
}
}

Public class C extends A{
Public void method(){
System.out.pritnln(“In C”);
}
}

Public class D extends B{
Int b=20
Public void method(){
System.out.pritnln(“In D, b=”+b);
}

o A a = new C();
a.method();

o D d = new D();
d.method();

42. Write a query to find the name of the person how has the second largest salary amount form the employee table.
43. Which Normal Forms you have used in designing your database?
44. Do you know or write triggers?
45. What is Serialization and Serialization Objects?
46. Is it possible for Serializable class to specify that some of its fields do not get serialized (saved or restored). If yes then how?
47. What are the different types of JDBC drivers?
48. What is the difference b/w an Interface and Abstract class?
49. If you extend an Abstract class then can create an object of the implementing class? What rules do you have to follow?
50. What are Wrapper classes?
51. What is Marker Interface?
52. What is Overloading? To which Overloading related - Inheritance or Polymorphism?

53. What is Overriding? To which Overriding related - Inheritance or Polymorphism?
54. What is the difference b/w function Overloading and Overriding?
55. If you are overriding a method which throws an exception of certain type then is it necessary to throw the same exception by the overridden class?
E.g. public ArrayList getNetSalary(int id) throws SqlException{ … }
56. To which the following example related to - Overloading or Overriding – (Ans.- Overriding)
Public void method(int i, int j)
Public int method(int i, int j)
57. Have you worked on AJAX, where and why? What are the basic step for AJAX to work?
58. How you fetch the data in AJAX, as HTM text or XML? How you read the XML file to render the data?
59. Do you use eclipse or similar IDE tool.
60. What is the difference b/w sendRedirect and forward? Where they are benefited?
61. In how many ways you can maintain client’s state/session? (URL writing, Cookies, Session object)
62. How many implicit objects are there in JSPs.
63. What is the difference b/w JSP include () and include directive (<%@ include file=”” %>)?
64. In an MVC architecture which J2EE component (JSP, Servlet etc.) plays what role?
65. What type of design patterns you are using, describe them?
66. What kind of JSP scopes are there? Elaborate them.
67. What parameters the init() method of a Servlet takes?
68. System Development Life Cycle.
69. Type Inner Classes.
69. How do you display error in a JSP page through Struts framework?
70. How do you load message resources in Struts framework?

Java Wrapper Classes

2010-05-10T00:01:00.000-07:00

Each of Java's eight primitive data types has a class dedicated to it. These are known as wrapper
classes, because they "wrap" the primitive data type into an object of that class. So, there is an
Integer class that holds an int variable, there is a Double class that holds a double
variable, and so on. The wrapper classes are part of the java.lang package, which is imported
by default into all Java programs.

Wrapper Classes are used broadly with Collection classes in the java.util package and with the classes in the java.lang.reflect reflection package.

Following table lists the primitive types and the corresponding wrapper classes:
-----------------------------
Primitive          Wrapper
-----------------------------
boolean          java.lang.Boolean
byte          java.lang.Byte
char          java.lang.Character
double          java.lang.Double
float          java.lang.Float
int          java.lang.Integer
long          java.lang.Long
short          java.lang.Short
-----------------------------

The following discussion focuses on the Integer wrapper
class, but applies in a general sense to all eight wrapper classes. Consult the Java API
documentation for more details.
The following two statements illustrate the difference between a primitive data type and an object of a wrapper class:

int x = 25;
Integer y = new Integer(33);

The first statement declares an int variable named x and initializes it with the value 25. The
second statement instantiates an Integer object. The object is initialized with the value 33 and
a reference to the object is assigned to the object variable y.

Clearly x and y differ by more than their values: x is a variable that holds a value; y is an object
variable that holds a reference to an object. As noted earlier, data fields in objects are not, in
general, directly accessible. So, the following statement using x and y as declared above is not
allowed:

int z = x + y; // wrong!

The data field in an Integer object is only accessible using the methods of the Integer class.
One such method — the intValue() method — returns an int equal to the value of the
object, effectively "unwrapping" the Integer object:

int z = x + y.intValue(); // OK!

Note the format of the method call. The intValue() method is an instance method, because it
is called through an instance of the class — an Integer object. The syntax uses dot notation,
where the name of the object variable precedes the dot.

Some of Java's classes include only instance methods, some include only class methods, some
include both. The Integer class includes both instance methods and class methods. The class
methods provide useful services; however, they are not called through instances of the class.
But, this is not new. We met a class method of the Integer class earlier. The statement

int x = Integer.parseInt("1234");

converts the string "1234" into the integer 1,234 and assigns the result to the int variable x.
The method parseInt() is a class method. It is not called through an instance of the class.

Although dot notation is used above, the term "Integer." identifies the class where the method
is defined, rather than name of an Integer object. This is one of the trickier aspects of
distinguishing instance methods from class methods. For an instance method, the dot is preceded
by the name of an object variable. For a class method, the dot is preceded by the name of a class.

It is interesting that the parseInt() method accepts a String argument and returns an int.
Neither the argument nor the returned value is an Integer object. So, the earlier comment that
class methods "provide useful services" is quite true. They do not operate on instance variables;
they provide services that are of general use. The parseInt() method converts a String to
an int, and this is a useful service — one we have called upon in previous programs.

Another useful Integer class method is the toString() method. The following statement

String s = Integer.toString(1234);

converts the int constant 1,234 to a String object and returns a reference to the object. We
have already met this method through the following shorthand notation:

String s = "" + 1234;

In general, the data fields in objects are private and are only accessible through methods of the
class. However, class definitions sometimes include constants that are "public", and, therefore,
accessible anywhere the class is accessible. Java's wrapper classes include publicly defined
constants identifying the range for each type. For example, the Integer class has constants
called MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE equal to 0x80000000 and 0x7fffffff respectively. These
values are the hexadecimal equivalent of the most-negative and most-positive values represented by 32-bit integers. The table of ranges shown earlier was obtained from a simple program called FindRanges that prints these constants. The listing is given here

1 public class FindRanges
2 {
3 public static void main(String[] args)
4 {
5 System.out.println("Integer range:");
6 System.out.println(" min: " + Integer.MIN_VALUE);
7 System.out.println(" max: " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
8 System.out.println("Double range:");
9 System.out.println(" min: " + Double.MIN_VALUE);
10 System.out.println(" max: " + Double.MAX_VALUE);
11 System.out.println("Long range:");
12 System.out.println(" min: " + Long.MIN_VALUE);
13 System.out.println(" max: " + Long.MAX_VALUE);
14 System.out.println("Short range:");
15 System.out.println(" min: " + Short.MIN_VALUE);
16 System.out.println(" max: " + Short.MAX_VALUE);
17 System.out.println("Byte range:");
18 System.out.println(" min: " + Byte.MIN_VALUE);
19 System.out.println(" max: " + Byte.MAX_VALUE);
20 System.out.println("Float range:");
21 System.out.println(" min: " + Float.MIN_VALUE);
22 System.out.println(" max: " + Float.MAX_VALUE);
23 }
24 }

This program generates the following output:

Integer range:
min: -2147483648
max: 2147483647
Double range:
min: 4.9E-324
max: 1.7976931348623157E308
Long range:
min: -9223372036854775808
max: 9223372036854775807
Short range:
min: -32768
max: 32767
Byte range:
min: -128
max: 127
Float range:
min: 1.4E-45
max: 3.4028235E38

In the case of float and double, the minimum and maximum values are those closest to plus
or minus zero or plus or minus infinity, respectively.

The most common methods of the Integer wrapper class are summarized in Table 1. Similar
methods for the other wrapper classes are found in the Java API documentation.

Table 1. Methods of the Integer Wrapper Class
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Method          Purpose
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Constructors
Integer(i)          constructs an Integer object equivalent to the integer i
Integer(s)          constructs an Integer object equivalent to the string s
Class Methods
parseInt(s)          returns a signed decimal integer value equivalent to string s
toString(i)          returns a new String object representing the integer i
Instance Methods
byteValue()          returns the value of this Integer as a byte
doubleValue()          returns the value of this Integer as an double
floatValue()          returns the value of this Integer as a float
intValue()          returns the value of this Integer as an int
longValue()          returns the value of this Integer as a long
shortValue()          returns the value of this Integer as a short
toString()          returns a String object representing the value of this Integer
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the descriptions of the instance methods, the phrase "this Integer" refers to the instance
variable on which the method is acting. For example, if y is an Integer object variable, the
expression y.doubleValue() returns the value of "this Integer", or y, as a double.

How to delete a folder with no name

2010-05-07T01:52:00.000-07:00

If you have created a folder with no name by renaming a folder with alt + 0160 OR alt + 255 then you will find difficult to delete it in Vista.

To delete it you have use command from (run: cmd)
In command prompt go to the parent directory of the "no name" folder. Then type dir /x

That should show you all the files and folders in that directory. The one
that you named (alt + 0160 OR alt + 255) should appear with no name in the normal list of
files, but the column before that should show it as "0A00~1". That is the
Short File Name, also known as the SFN or the 8.3 file name.

Now use ren 0A00~1 newfolder to rename it. (ren = rename)

Now you have renamed your "no name" folder with newfolder

Now type rd 0A00~1 to delete it. (rd = remove directory)

Java Marker interface

2010-04-12T06:50:00.000-07:00

Marker interface is a interface which don’t have any method.It is used to tag the implementing class based on their purpose.Marker interface is a Java interface which doesn’t actually define any fields. It is just used to “mark” Java classes which support a certain capability –the class marks itself as implementing the interface. For example, the java.lang.Cloneable interface.
In java language programming, interfaces with no methods are known as marker interfaces or tagged interface.Marker Interfaces are implemented by the classes or their super classes in order to add some functionality.Marker interfaces are understood by the JVM. The JVM takes care of how to deal with a class that implements that marker interface

Why we use marker interface.
The marker interfaces are used to provide certain functionality to classes you code. Take for instance the Cloneable interface. This interface is implemented by the JVM itself and allows copies of objects to be created without the developer having to write code for this purpose. User written marker interfaces can also be used for inheritance purposes.Marker Interfaces are used to mark the capability of a class as implementing a specific interface at run-time.

Examples of marker Interface.

java.lang.Cloneable
java.io.Serializable
java.util.EventListener

-----------------------
java.lang.Cloneable Example:

public interface Cloneable

A class implements the Cloneable interface to indicate to the Object.clone() method that it is legal for that method to make a field-for-field copy of instances of that class.

Invoking Object's clone method on an instance that does not implement the Cloneable interface results in the exception CloneNotSupportedException being thrown.

By convention, classes that implement this interface should override Object.clone (which is protected) with a public method. See Object.clone() for details on overriding this method.

Note that this interface does not contain the clone method. Therefore, it is not possible to clone an object merely by virtue of the fact that it implements this interface. Even if the clone method is invoked reflectively, there is no guarantee that it will succeed.

Now,

Consider the following call to the clone() method on an object o:

SomeObject o = new SomeObject();
SomeObject ref = (SomeObject)(o.clone());

If the class SomeObject does not implement the interface Cloneable (and Cloneable is not implemented by any of the superclasses that SomeObject inherits from), the compiler will mark this line as an error. This is because the clone() method may only be called by objects of type "Cloneable." Hence, even though Cloneable is an empty interface, it serves an important purpose.

XML : junk after document element

2010-04-05T04:37:00.000-07:00

I’ve got a JSP script outputting XML that’s called from an Ajax script. When I was testing the PHP output I got the error junk after document element after trying to add another section to the XML.

What turned out the be the cause is that in adding the section I wound up with two root elements, so in effect there weren’t any root elements. I wrapped the whole thing in another element and it worked perfectly.

MySQL : String comparisons are not case sensitive

2010-04-05T03:43:00.000-07:00

The following two statements illustrate that string comparisons are not case sensitive unless one of the operands is a binary string:

mysql> SELECT 'abc' LIKE 'ABC';
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 'abc' LIKE BINARY 'ABC';
-> 0

Java: String index out of range

2009-09-22T07:24:00.000-07:00

If you try a substring with an index greater than the length of the string then - String index out of range - exception is be thrown by Java.

How to drop Not Null constraint

2009-09-17T06:42:00.000-07:00

SQL>

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column [datatype] NULL;

datatype is optional if you only want to modify the Not Null constraint. Doing this will allow Oracle to enter null in the column if no value is provided.

Oracle date do not support "0000-00-00"

2009-09-17T06:28:00.000-07:00

The date string "0000-00-00" is invalid in Oracle, so it should not be used. However, the date "0001-01-01" is valid in both Oracle. But MySQL support "0000-00-00" value as a default value for date.

Instead Oracle date column accept only null value if date is not available.

JSP compilation

2009-07-23T23:11:00.000-07:00

The JSP pages are compliled into Servlet classes the first the JSP in invoked.

Like Servlet, JSP pages operate within a container. The JSP container provides the same services as a Servlet container. But requires the additional steps of conversion to Servlet code and compilation before the JSP pages are executed.

Tomcat server includes both Servlet and compiled JSP pages(named Catanilna), and the compiler for JSP pages called Jasper compiler. The combination of JSP container and Servlet container is known as a Web Container.

Primary key, Candidate key, Unique key

2009-07-23T22:29:00.000-07:00

Primary Key:
The primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table. A Primary key can not be NULL at all. Primary keys may consist of a single attribute or multiple attributes in combination.

Candidate Key:
An attribute/key is a candidate key if it is able to be a Primary key.

Foreign key:
A Foreign key of a relational table is a Primary key in another table such that
the Foreign key should be a proper subset of the Primary key, i.e each and every in the Foreign key can only come from the Primary key.

Unique Key:
A Unique key is of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table but is can be NULL.

Important Facts:

Every candidate key can be a primary key.
Every candidate key is always a unique key.
This implies every primary key is also a unique key
But every unique key can not always be a primary/candidate key.
Because a primary key can not be a NULL value but a unique key can be a NULL value.

MySQL 4.1 : TIMEDIFF( , ) : java.sql.SQLException : Illegal hour value for java.sql.Time type

2009-07-15T02:01:00.000-07:00

MySQL's TIMEDIFF runs well on MySQl Shell but is an sql exception when using with JDBC.
The problem is that the TIMEDIFF(expr1,expr2) function returns returns expr1 – expr2 expressed as a time value. This value is handled by java.sql.Time. But TIMEDIFF( , ) may return (for example) 12:27:58 or 48:30:58 as the case may be. For first value it works but for the second value it is not a proper time value according to java.sql.Time, hence the exception.

However this is a known bug in mysql 5.0

A workaround of this problem is to convert this query to return a string.
E.g. you can query like this

CONCAT('',TIMEDIFF(expr1,expr2))

Then the returned value will be a string instead of a time value and JDBC will not parse it.

Subnet Masking

2009-07-07T05:42:00.000-07:00

Subnet mask
A subnet mask is a mechanism used to split a network into subnetworks; it can be used to reduce the traffic on each subnetwork by confining traffic to only the subnetwork(s) for which it is intended, thereby eliminating issues of associated congestion on other subnetwork(s) and reducing congestion in the network as a whole. Each subnet functions as though it were independent, keeping traffic local and forwarding traffic to another subnetwork only if the address of the data is external to the subnetwork.

Subnetting Concept
Subnetting an IP network allows for the flow of network traffic to be segregated based on a network configuration. It essentially organizes the hosts into logical groups, and provides for improving network security and performance. The most common reason for subnetting IP networks is to control network traffic. Traditionally, in an Ethernet network, it is very common for all nodes on a segment to see all the packets transmitted by all the other nodes on that segment, which introduces collisions, and the resulting retransmissions under heavy traffic loads. For additional information on subnetting, see RFC 1817, and RFC 1812.

Class Address Ranges
Class A - 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
Class B - 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
Class C - 192.0.1.0 to 223.255.255.0
Class D* - 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class E* - 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
Class A, Class B, and Class C are the three classes of addresses used on IP networks in common practice. Class D addresses are reserved for multicast. Class E addresses are simply reserved, meaning they should not be used on IP networks (used on a limited basis by some research organizations for experimental purposes).

Reserved Address Ranges
Address ranges below are reserved by IANA for private intranets, and not routable to the Internet. For additional information, see RFC 1918.
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)

Other reserved addresses
127.0.0.0 is reserved for loopback and IPC on the localhost.
224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 is reserved for multicast addresses.
255.255.255.255 is the limited broadcast address (limited to all other nodes on the LAN)

Subnet Calculator Explanation

When the host-id is cancelled, i.e. when the bits reserved for the machines on the network are replaced by zeros (for example 194.28.12.0), something called a network address is obtained. This address cannot be allocated to any of the computers on the network.
When the net-id is cancelled, i.e. when the bits reserved for the network are replaced by zeros, a machine address is obtained. This address represents the machine specified by the host-ID which is found on the current network.
When all the bits of the host-id are at 1, the address obtained is called the broadcast address. This a specific address, enabling a message to be sent to all the machines on the network specified by the net-ID.
Conversely, when all the bits of the net-id are at 1, the address obtained is called the multicast address.
Finally the address 127.0.0.1 is called the loopback address because it indicates the localhost.

The Network part of the IP address is deduced by operating a binary AND between the IP address and the Network Mask of the Class. The binary AND will let "as-is" all binary values combined with "1"s and will zero all others (see "Binary operators").
For example, for Class A:

IP address : aaaaaaaa.bbbbbbbb.cccccccc.dddddddd
Network mask: 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Binary AND --------------------------------------
Network : aaaaaaaa.00000000.00000000.00000000

The Host part of the IP address is deduced by operating a binary AND between the IP address and the Network Mask of the Class inversed (binary NOT).
For example, for the same Class A:
IP address : aaaaaaaa.bbbbbbbb.cccccccc.dddddddd
Network mask inversed: 00000000.11111111.11111111.11111111
Binary AND --------------------------------------
Host : 00000000.bbbbbbbb.cccccccc.dddddddd

Example:
Dot-decimal Address | Operator | Binary
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IP address | 192.168.5.10 |-| 11000000.10101000.00000101.00001010

Subnet Mask | 255.255.255.0 |-| 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Subnet Mask Inversed | 0.255.255.255 | Binary NOT | 00000000.11111111.11111111.11111111

Network ID/Portion 192.168.5.0 | Binary AND | 11000000.10101000.00000101.00000000

Host ID/Portion 0.0.0.10 | Binary AND | 00000000.00000000.00000000.00001010

This calculator will calculate the subnet mask to use, given a TCP/IP network address and the number of subnets or nodes per subnet required.

To create the subnet mask, first remember that the purpose of the subnet mask is to separate the (32 bit) ip address into the network prefix and the host number. If a bit in the subnet mask is 1, the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network address; if the bit in the subnet mask is 0, the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host address.

First depict the ip address in binary. Take 61.246.19.18 and convert to binary:
ip address: 00111101.11110110.00010011.00010010

First we determine what class of address it is:
• If the first bit is 0 it is a Class A address.
• If the first two bits are 10 it is a Class B address.
• If the first three bits are 110 it is a Class C address.
• If the first four bits are 1110 it is a Class D multicast address.
• If the first four bits are 1111 it is a Class E experimental address

Your example is a Class A address. The default subnet mask for a Class A address is:
subnet mask: 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

The formula for figuring out the number of 'host' bits in a subnet mask is:

2^n=number of nodes

n is number of ‘0’s from the right side of the mask.
If you know the number of host/nodes, you need to find 'n'.

if you want 64 node(s), you want to leave 6 - '0' bits in the subnet mask since 64 = 2 ^ 6.

This will give you the following subnet mask:
subnet mask: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Which is referred to as /26 or in dotted decimal notation as 255.255.255.192

The Subnet Mask and Class determines how many subnets and hosts you get (i.e. how you subnet you network).

The number of hosts is: 2^(number of host bits)-2
Class | Number of possible networks | Maximum number of computers on each one
A | 126 | 16777214
B | 16384 | 65534
C | 2097152 | 254

Notations:
o Dotted decimal notation a.b.c.d
o We denote a mask address as /x if number of ‘1’s in the mask address is x.

How to Formate USB Pen Drive

2009-07-07T05:28:00.000-07:00

Option 1: By Operating System

For Windows Machine -
Open My computer>right click>manage>disk management
select the pen drive there separately and format it.

If it doesn't works then again go to same location select your pen drive and opt for delete logical drive

then again right click to form a new partition or logical drive…select-form a new logical drive- and again format it completely.

Note: don’t opt for quick format, let it format completely.

Hope this solves your problem.

Option 2: By Online Formatting

Find the serial/model no. of your pen drive on its body.
Search the web site of the company your pen drive is from.
See if the they provide any online formatting/recovery facility.
If yes, follow the instruction.
This should format your pen drive.

I personally have formatted my pen drive by this method. (When I was not able to format it by the first option.)

I have a USB Flash Pen Drive of Transcend Company. I went to the online recovery service at-

http://www.transcendusa.com/Products/online_recovery_1.asp

And followed the Instructions after proving my Transcend S/N.

You also may be able to download a USB manager which does this.

Option 3: By semi installation process

If you have Windows machine go for an re-installation process and at the end you will get the option to format the drive, but ensure not to touch any other drive previously exist. Otherwise you will lose you data and OS. This is where you would select the NTFS option for the pen drive; it may be given any logical name. As soon as windows has formatted it and gave the drive a file structure it should then work.
This called the semi installation process.

Disable CSS in Dreamweaver CS3

2009-03-03T04:46:00.000-08:00

To disable CSS formatting temporarily, choose Edit, Preferences (Dreamweaver, Preferences on a Mac version). In the Preferences dialog box, disable the "Use CSS Instead of HTML" Tags option from the General category. Now you Dreamweaver will add all formattings in HTML tags, directly.

Step - 1

step - 2

National Informatics Center (NIC) exam 22 Feb 2009

2009-02-24T21:41:00.000-08:00

It was a 2 hours paper.
The paper was divided into two parts – Part A, Part B.
The whole paper was objective type.
Total number of questions-100.
Part A – 75 questions.
Part B – 25 questions.
Total marks of the paper – 150 marks.
Part A – 1 mark for one question.
Part B – 3 marks for one question.
All questions had negative marking on wrong answer.
Negative marking -1/3 mark of the total mark(s) allotted for the a particular question.
The whole paper had only technical questions. No quantitative, No reasoning, No verbal or non-verbal questions were asked. It was a fully technical paper.

Question I could remember are :

Q1. How many maximum number of node a Binary tree can have ?

Q2. FDDI ring topology.

Q3. Hit ratio for cache memory.

Q4. Time complexity of B+ search.

Q5. Detail knowledge of all seven layers in networking.

Q6. If we are having 56kbps net connection and downloading a file which takes X(not remember) time to download then what is the maximum size of the file may be ?

Q7. CPU time scheduling algorithms (FCFS- primitive, non-primitive....)

Q8. Calculating “page fault” by the given string of page numbers.

Q9. Paging, swapping and virtual memory.

Q10. CPU burst time numerical.

Q11. Which is latest smallest processor developed by Intel ? ( a. Dual core b. Core 2 Dual c. Atom)

Q12. Give the out of programs in C, C++, Java.

Q13. Numerical of Shift Operator. There were 3 questions on right shift operator.
Specially numbers given were negative decimal. So we must know how to represent a negative decimal number in binary format.

Q14. If you have to upgrade a clients PC from Windows 2000 to XP. But want to convert the file system from FAT to NTFC then what you will do. (a.
Choose the file system during installation. b. Reformat the hard disk and convert it to NTFS).

Q15. How you we can access the global member of one file within another file of a same program.Ans External specifies (a. Using global declaration. b. using External specifies. c. using Auto specifies.)

Q16. Breath first search.

Q17. Which network can provide constant bandwidth during message delivery between transmitter and receiver. ( a. packet switched n/w b. circuit switched n/w )

Q18. Convert the given infix notation in to postfix notation.

Q19. int x = 0x00fd; byte y = byte(x); println(y); (Java)

Q20. C nested Structure, pointer to structure, inner structure creating instance of outer structure.

Q21. Full form of ACID property of a dbms.

Q22. All Normal Forms of DBMS (First normal form, Second, Third, Biscode, Forth, Fifth).

Q23. Find the Canonical cover for the given fictional dependencies – A->BC, A->C, B->C, AB->C.

Q24. To remove a node from a Binary tree, which order would be fallowed to place the children’s of this of this node.

Q25. What software testing exactly means ? (a. Measure the performance the software b. Find the errors in the software c. To insure that the software does what it is developed to do.)

Q26. Some sort form were give and we have to give it’s exact full form.

Q27. Algo:
Start
Read p;
Read q;
if(p+q >100)
Print “Too big”;
Else
if(p>50)
Print “P is big”
End
How many test are required to test all conditions of the program?

Q28. A Static Class can override –Ans. A static class only (a. non-static class b. a static class c. a final class d. an abstract class).

Q29. Question related to subclass and super class.

Q24. A sub class can access the members of the super class which are – (a. public b. private c. private and protected d. public and protected).

Q25. void *ptr;
Struct mystruct{
int x;
float y;
};
Struct mystruct ms;
ptr = ms;
To increment in ptr we use ?

Q26. Link list reversal algorithm. An algorithm was given and we are asked to choose what is the purpose of this algorithm. It was Link list reversal algorithm.

Q27.For entering password before reading or writing on a MS Word file which is the right path for encryption . (a. menu bar -> tools -> option -> security b. menu bar -> option -> tools -> security c. menu bar -> edit -> security -> option).

Q28. Which one is a spooling device. Ans: printer (a. mouse b. keyboard c. printer .monitor) [Spooling :Process of storing computer output before sending it to the printer, permitting the computer to be used for other purposes. In the absence of an adequate buffer or spooling device, the computer user will experience delays in other functions while the printer is operating.]

Q29. There were two transactions given vis. T1 and T2. And we are ask –
a. T1 and T2 are not serialized b. Both are not serialized c. Both are serializable d. Both are not serializable.

Q30. There were about three questions on IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet). Specially on IEEE 802.3 Wireless LAN.

Q31. CSMA/CD.

Q32. What is the maximum data transfer speed of a pen drive. (a. 420mbps b. 520mbps c. 260mbps d.1024mbps).

Q33. storage area network (SAN) and Network-attached storage (NAS).

Q34. OSI model 7 layers – table matching on the basis of what functions each layer performs.

Q35. Sliding window protocol.

Q36. Which is not an IDE (Integrated Development Environment)? (a. Eclips b. Netbeans c. Visual Studio d. GNOME)

Q37. Calculate a processors data transfer rate on the give valus and conditions.

Q38. Which is not an OOPs language ? (a. .NET b. Java c. C++ d. Smart Talk)

Q39. How many hosts can be configured with mask address 255.255.255.0.

Q40. Which is loopback address ? (a. 255.255.255.0 b. 127.0.0.1 c. 0.0.0.1 d. 255.255.255.255)

Difference between web server and Application server

2009-02-17T00:14:00.001-08:00

A web server refers to a server which normally listens at port 80 and serves uphtml pages, images, etc... The html pages are usually static pages unless they contain JavaScript. An application which uses servlets and jsps requires anapplication server such as Tomcat, WebSphere, WebLogic, etc.... These application servers include a "web container". Basically the "web container"is a software which implements the "servlet contract". If you look at the api documentation for javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http, you will see that the mostimportant objects (e.g. ServletRequest, ServletResponse, Servlet, HttpSession, etc...)are interfaces not classes. The reason for this is that each application serverimplements its own classes which implement these interfaces.
Typically, a Web server refers to an execution infrastructure that handlesHTTP requests and responses; a servlet container refers to a component that handles the lifecycle for servlets; an application server refers to a framework(servlet container, EJB container, JSP engine, MQ container, etc.) for handling Web applications. However, a Web container has a couple of meanings dependingon the source. Most refer to a Web container as the part of an application serverthat manages servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSP) files, and other Web-tier components.Some refer to a Web container as the infrastructure for managing the lifecycle forWeb services.
For example:Apache Web Server is what your browser connects to, Tomcat Web Container is whatApache WeB Server connects to ask for servlets to be processed. However, Tomcat now includes a web server so you can cut out the middle man. You might not want to do this on a large production environment.Tomcat can run either in stand-alone mode or "connected" to Apache.In stand-alonemode, Tomcat can process servlets (and JSPs) and can serve static content as well.

A List of JDBC Drivers

2009-02-17T00:13:00.000-08:00

If you need to access a database with Java, you need a driver. This is a list of the drivers available, what database they can access, who makes it, and how to contact them.

IBM DB2
jdbc:db2://:/
COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.app.DB2Driver

JDBC-ODBC Bridge
jdbc:odbc:
sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver

Microsoft SQL Server
jdbc:weblogic:mssqlserver4:@:
weblogic.jdbc.mssqlserver4.Driver

Oracle Thin
jdbc:oracle:thin:@::
oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver

PointBase Embedded Server
jdbc:pointbase://embedded[:]/
com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcUniversalDriver

Cloudscape
jdbc:cloudscape:
COM.cloudscape.core.JDBCDriver

Cloudscape RMI
jdbc:rmi://:/jdbc:cloudscape:
RmiJdbc.RJDriver

Firebird (JCA/JDBC Driver)
jdbc:firebirdsql:[//[:]/]
org.firebirdsql.jdbc.FBDriver

IDS Server
jdbc:ids://:/conn?dsn=''
ids.sql.IDSDriver

Informix Dynamic Server
jdbc:informix-sqli://:/:INFORMIXSERVER=
com.informix.jdbc.IfxDriver

InstantDB (v3.13 and earlier)
jdbc:idb:
jdbc.idbDriver

InstantDB (v3.14 and later)
jdbc:idb:
org.enhydra.instantdb.jdbc.idbDriver

Interbase (InterClient Driver)
jdbc:interbase:///
interbase.interclient.Driver

Hypersonic SQL (v1.2 and earlier)
jdbc:HypersonicSQL:
hSql.hDriver

Hypersonic SQL (v1.3 and later)
jdbc:HypersonicSQL:
org.hsql.jdbcDriver

Microsoft SQL Server (JTurbo Driver)
jdbc:JTurbo://:/
com.ashna.jturbo.driver.Driver

Microsoft SQL Server (Sprinta Driver)
jdbc:inetdae::?database=
com.inet.tds.TdsDriver

Microsoft SQL Server 2000 (Microsoft Driver)
jdbc:microsoft:sqlserver://:[;DatabaseName=]
com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver

MySQL (MM.MySQL Driver)
jdbc:mysql://:/
org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver

Oracle OCI 8i
jdbc:oracle:oci8:@
oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver

Oracle OCI 9i
jdbc:oracle:oci:@
oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver

PostgreSQL (v6.5 and earlier)
jdbc:postgresql://:/
postgresql.Driver

PostgreSQL (v7.0 and later)
jdbc:postgresql://:/
org.postgresql.Driver

Sybase (jConnect 4.2 and earlier)
jdbc:sybase:Tds::
com.sybase.jdbc.SybDriver

Sybase (jConnect 5.2)
jdbc:sybase:Tds::
com.sybase.jdbc2.jdbc.SybDriver

To test your driver once it's installed, try the following code:
{
Class.forName("Driver name");
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnenction("jdbcurl","username","password"); //other manipulation using jdbc commands
}
catch(Exception e){}

What is Daemon thread

2009-02-17T00:12:00.000-08:00

Any Java thread can be a daemon thread. Daemon threads are service providers for other threads running in the same process as the daemon thread. For example, the HotJava browser uses up to four daemon threads named "Image Fetcher" to fetch images from the file system or network for any thread that needs one. The run() method for a daemon thread is typically an infinite loop that waits for a service request. It sits idly in the background until it is invoked to perform its task.

When the only remaining threads in a process are daemon threads, the interpreter exits. This makes sense because when only daemon threads remain, there is no other thread for which a daemon thread can provide a service.

To specify that a thread is a daemon thread, call the setDaemon method with the argument true. To determine if a thread is a daemon thread, use the accessor method isDaemon.